Abstract: This is an article in the field of mining environment. Rivers are the main migration paths and convergence places of heavy metals produced in the process of mineral resources development. The impact of mineral resources development in Xiongershan ore concentration area on rivers is not clear. In order to clearly understand the impact of mineral resources development on river heavy metals in Xiongershan ore concentration area. Taking the water and sediment of small river basins in the mining area as the research object, the content characteristics of Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, as, Hg heavy metals in the mainstream of the small river and its main tributaries and sediment were analyzed. The single pollution index and Nemero comprehensive pollution index were used to evaluate the pollution degree of heavy metals in water; The accumulation degree and pollution degree of heavy metals in river sediment were evaluated by geological accumulation index method and quality standard method. The results showed that the average contents of six heavy metals in the water body of the small river basin ranged from 0.08 to 289.866 μg/L, the pollution degree As>Hg>Cd>Pb>Cu>Zn, the main heavy metal pollutants are as and Hg, the main polluted river reaches are distributed in the areas with strong mining activities, and the development of mineral resources is the main factor causing river water pollution. The accumulation effect of Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, as and Hg in the river sediment of the small river basin is significant, and the pollution degree of heavy metals is serious. The evaluation results of the quality standard method show that all samples of Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, as and Hg in the river sediment are seriously polluted. According to the evaluation results of the comprehensive geological accumulation index method and the quality standard method, the pollution degree of the river sediment of the small river basin is: Pb>Cd >Cu>Zn>As>Hg, in which Pb, Zn, Cu and Cd are the main pollution elements, Hg, As is a secondary pollution element. The research shows that the development of mineral resources in Xiongershan ore concentration area is the main factor causing heavy metal pollution in the water body and river sediment of the small river basin. It has caused heavy metal pollution in different degrees to the river water body and sediment. Strengthening the source control and supervision in the whole process of mineral resources development is the fundamental means to protect and improve the heavy metal pollution in the small river basin.